From wiki: Fast inverse square root (sometimes referred to as Fast InvSqrt() or by the hexadecimal constant 0x5f3759df) is a method of calculating x−½, the reciprocal (or multiplicative inverse) of a square root for a 32-bit floating point number in IEEE 754 floating point format. The algorithm was probably developed at Silicon Graphics in the early 1990s, and an implementation appeared in 1999 in the Quake III Arena source code, but the method did not appear on public forums such as Usenet until 2002 or 2003.[1] At the time, the primary advantage of the algorithm came from avoiding computationally expensive floating point operations in favor of integer operations. Inverse square roots are used to compute angles of incidence and reflection for lighting and shading in computer graphics.
The algorithm accepts a 32-bit floating point number as the input and
stores a halved value for later use. Then, treating the bits
representing the floating point number as a 32-bit integer, a logical shift right of one bit is performed and the result subtracted from the "magic" value 0x5f3759df.
This is the first approximation of the inverse square root of the
input. Treating the bits again as floating point it runs one iteration
of Newton's method
to return a more precise approximation. This computes an approximation
of the inverse square root of a floating point number approximately four
times faster than floating point division.
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